What Every Florida Cruiser Needs to Know About Maritime Law

Legal Live with Eddie & Chuck Farah | WOKV 104.5 Jacksonville

• 6 months — written notice deadline to the cruise line (hard stop)
• 1 year — lawsuit filing deadline (contractual, not statutory)
• Miami or Fort Lauderdale — where you must file, even if you sailed from Jacksonville
• No constitutional rights — cruise lines can search your room without a warrant
• Medical marijuana — illegal on cruise ships regardless of your Florida card (federal law applies)
• Fishing charters and the Intracoastal count as navigable waters — maritime law applies

“If you’re injured on a cruise ship or on a shore excursion, you’ve got certain limitations that are much different than a typical accident case. If it’s a cruise line, you’ve got one year to file suit — but not only that, you’ve got to put them on written notice within six months. Even if you file within the year, if you have not placed them on written notice within six months of the accident, you don’t have a claim. You’re done.” — Eddie Farah

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Episode Summary

Show: Legal Live with Eddie & Chuck Farah
Station: WOKV 104.5, Jacksonville’s News and Talk
Host: Justin
Guests: Eddie Farah and Chuck Farah, Farah & Farah
Phone: (855) 765-1045

In this episode, Eddie and Chuck Farah cover several important areas of Florida law relevant to everyday people. The episode opens with a discussion of Florida’s impact rule for emotional distress claims, then moves into a detailed breakdown of maritime and cruise ship law — the segment most relevant to the growing number of Jacksonville residents taking cruises out of the expanding Jacksonville cruise terminal. Eddie walks through the critical deadlines, the hidden contractual terms in cruise tickets, and the surprising lack of constitutional protections passengers have once they’re at sea.

The episode also covers Amendment 7 to the Florida Constitution (adverse medical incident records at hospitals), liability when employees use employer vehicles, Florida’s rebuttable presumption in rear-end collision cases, and drug advertising reform.

Key Discussion Points:
• Florida’s impact rule for emotional distress claims and the microscopic particle exception
• Cruise ship injury law: the 1-year lawsuit deadline and 6-month written notice requirement
• Why you must file your cruise ship lawsuit in Miami or Fort Lauderdale, not Jacksonville
• What constitutional rights you surrender when you board a cruise ship
• Medical marijuana and federal law on cruise ships
• Fishing charters and navigable waters
• Amendment 7: requesting adverse medical incident records from Florida hospitals
• Employer vehicle liability and the rebuttable presumption for drunk driving employees
• Florida’s rebuttable presumption in rear-end collision cases: four defenses
• RFK Jr.’s push to ban pharmaceutical drug advertising on television

→ Read the Deep Dive article: Cruise Ship Injuries in Florida: What You Need to Know Before You Sail
→ Read the Expert Insights article: Jacksonville Cruise Ship Injury Attorney: Why Claims Fail and What Farah & Farah Does Differently

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Full Episode Transcript

[0:02] LegalLive Announcer: This is LegalLive with Eddie and Chuck Farah. They’re talking the latest legal news and answering your questions. To call LegalLive and ask Eddie and Chuck a question, grab your phone and dial (855) 765-1045. That’s (855) 765-1045.

[0:21] Justin: And Eddie and Chuck in the house to answer your legal questions. Again, that number (855) 765-1045. It’s Legal Live sponsored by Farah and Farah. How’s it going, guys?

[0:31] Eddie Farah: Hey. We’re holding up. We’re holding up, Justin. Thanks for being here.

[0:34] Justin: Yeah. That last stretch to the holidays.

[0:36] Eddie Farah: Yeah. I finished up another year on Legal Live.

[0:39] Justin: Yeah.

[0:39] Eddie Farah: I don’t know. Twenty years. I can’t even keep track. It’s been so many years.

[0:42] Justin: Has it been twenty?

[0:43] Eddie Farah: Oh, probably. Maybe more. Who knows?

[0:45] Chuck Farah: Maybe more. Yeah.

[0:46] Justin: Twenty-plus years of legal advice.

[0:48] Eddie Farah: Here on WOKV.

[0:51] Eddie Farah: We’re glad everybody’s tuning in. Thanks for tuning in. Your phone calls are the priority. If you’ve got an opinion on a legal situation or need some help with something or just want to comment about the lawyers or the legal system or want to share a story with us, we’re willing to listen. And if we can’t help you, we’ll try to find somebody who can.

We had somebody who called a couple of weeks ago — he was a convicted felon, he couldn’t own a firearm. But he was listening to some radio talk show host, and they were promoting this taser-like device. He called in, and I forgot your name, I had the notes at the office. I tried to call you back. I couldn’t get through on your phone, but I did reach out to some attorneys I know. And they told me that device that you were considering purchasing should be okay. You shouldn’t have a problem with that even if you’re a convicted felon — because he was having problems with people coming over to his house.

[2:01] Chuck Farah: Yeah. The question was, can a convicted felon carry that? Nonlethal.

[2:10] Eddie Farah: Yeah. Nonlethal. But the attorney that I reached out to — it was sort of like a stun gun or something, but he was having problems, people were coming by his house, I think people trying to rob him. Anyway, I talked to an attorney here in town who said, yes, you’re good to go. That’s the kind of stuff we do. We can’t find the answer, we’ll find it out for you.

[2:31] Justin: You got the connections.

[2:31] Eddie Farah: We got the connections, man. We’re gonna use everyone we can.

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Segment 1: Florida’s Impact Rule for Emotional Distress Claims

[2:31] Eddie Farah: Okay. Let’s move on to something. I want to move on to a couple of legal cases. There’s a doctrine in Florida called the impact rule. And what that means is, for you to be able to sue for emotional distress, you’ve got to have an impact. There’s got to be some sort of physical contact.

For instance, in Florida — let’s say you’re walking your dog, your dog gets loose from you, somebody runs over your dog in front of you. You see your dog run over. You suffer emotional distress from that. Maybe you’re seeing a doctor as a result of it. Maybe you’ve developed PTSD. Maybe you’ve developed all these psychological issues from seeing your dog run over. In Florida, the impact rule prevents you from making a claim for that because there is no impact. The car did not hit you, didn’t touch you.

So that’s the impact doctrine. It’s kind of an antiquated rule. Most states don’t have that rule, but Florida has it. Now there are exceptions. God forbid — for instance, if you see a close family member run over and you witness that, there are some exceptions. And then you develop emotional distress. You can sue for negligent infliction of emotional distress. But generally, unless there is an impact, you can’t sue for it.

[4:02] Chuck Farah: Wait. Can I just say one thing? Because you know everybody talks about frivolous lawsuits. Well, this is where the law comes in to try to filter out cases that may not be really legitimate. They impose this impact rule to kind of filter cases out to say, well, you could say I just saw a mouse get run over and I’m distraught. No. You can’t sue for that. It’s a way that the law filters out these cases to make sure that they have merit.

[4:53] Chuck Farah: So it could be an individual that you don’t know — someone you saw maybe get hit. You know?

[4:58] Eddie Farah: I have seen some cases where a parent witnesses their child being hit in a car accident in front of them.

[5:04] Chuck Farah: Oh, that’s because that’s a close relative.

[5:07] Eddie Farah: Because of the relationship. And there are exceptions. I saw some cases where somebody gets an HIV test and it’s falsely positive and it gets out and they see the test and they sue for emotional distress. There are some exceptions, but generally, like Chuck says, unless there’s an impact, you can’t sue.

But this case that just came out is kind of an interesting case because this lady is a tenant in an apartment building, and she has been complaining to the landlord about the conditions. There are all kinds of code violations. The electrical wiring burned. She smells smoke. There’s sewage being backed up in the bathroom. She’s dealing with all these code violations.

[5:59] Eddie Farah: She’s alleging the landlord failed to maintain the property, and she sued for negligent infliction of emotional distress. Now, there was no impact — you would think there was no impact there because she’s just living in the apartment, having to deal with all these issues.

But the court ruled in this particular case that the prolonged exposure to the unsafe and unsanitary conditions caused mental anguish because she inhaled the smoke. That’s like an impact. Those particles — she smelled the raw sewage, and all those microscopic particles was like an impact. It’s like a touching type of thing.

In this particular case, she also claimed that the distress of living in that apartment caused her heart condition to worsen. She ended up having a heart attack and dying. But the defense, the insurance company, argued the impact rule because nothing claimed touched her, but the judge ruled no. In this case, the impact was the microscopic particles from all the conditions in the apartment.

[7:06] Chuck Farah: Yeah. That was a good ruling.

[7:07] Eddie Farah: So anyway, that’s an interesting case. But this impact doctrine continues to evolve. What’s happened in Florida — if you look at the cases over the years, they’ve been chipping away at the impact doctrine. It’s case specific. You don’t because your dog gets run over get to sue for emotional distress. But I think the closer the situation is to you personally, the more the exceptions come into play.

[7:34] Chuck Farah: And that case you just referenced — it was kind of affecting her personally.

[7:38] Eddie Farah: Or if it’s your kid.

[7:40] Chuck Farah: You know, everybody talks about frivolous lawsuits. It’s like a big thing. You hear this from insurance companies, their propaganda, and everything, but the law is designed to prevent these cases from getting anywhere. Lawyers don’t want to handle cases that are frivolous. It costs money to do that. The system filters it out. You know going in that you’ve got to deal with the impact. I don’t want this case because it’s going to get thrown out because of the impact.

[8:08] Eddie Farah: Yeah. And they could lose — where if you lose, you’ve got to pay the attorney’s fees, and that could be hundreds of thousands of dollars.

[8:17] Justin: Okay. Well, let’s hit this break real quick and open up the phone lines. (855) 765-1045.

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Segment 2: Cruise Ship Maritime Law — The Full Breakdown

[10:02] Eddie Farah: You know, I’ve talked about this before. I like to review it periodically because we’ve got cruise ships coming out of Jacksonville. Our office has handled a lot of maritime cases. I don’t know — funky things are happening on these cruise ships, but we’re getting a lot of calls, a lot of intakes on them. So I just want you to be aware.

Because when you take these Carnival Cruise Line excursions, the information that you need to know is not on the ticket. You’ve got to go to the website to get the information. And I’m going to kind of give you a synopsis of what’s going on, because if you’re injured on a cruise ship or on one of those shore excursions, you’ve got certain limitations that are much different than a typical accident case or negligence case.

[10:02] Eddie Farah (continued): If it’s a cruise line, typically you’ve got one year to file suit. But not only is it one year — you’ve got to put them on written notice within six months. So even if you file your lawsuit within the year, if you have not placed them on written notice within six months of the accident, you don’t have a claim. You’re done. So there are two statutes you’ve got to be concerned about. If you’re involved in a maritime or cruise ship or shore excursion type accident, you’ve got to take action immediately.

[11:26] Justin: Is that exclusive to Florida?

[11:28] Eddie Farah: If you look at it, you’ve got to go to the website of whoever — but all of them, the other ones I’ve seen, most, 90%, have these provisions in them.

[11:42] Chuck Farah: No, it’s not Florida, it’s like they set the rules. The cruise line sets the rules.

[11:44] Eddie Farah: Because it’s in the ticket. So — and it also states you’ve got to file your lawsuit in Miami or Fort Lauderdale. So you’re limited. You can’t file it in Jacksonville. Even though the ship comes out of Jacksonville, even though it’s based here, you can’t file the lawsuit here. Typically you file where you’re injured or where you live — no. They’re going to tell you where you’ve got to file it.

[12:05] Chuck Farah: Because it’s like when you buy a ticket, you enter into a contract and you agree to their terms.

[12:11] Justin: Does it matter how far out they’re going? Does it make a difference?

[12:15] Eddie Farah: These cruise ships are in maritime waters — it’s called navigable waters. Maritime applies to navigable waters, rivers, oceans. If you’re in a lake, maybe that’s not a navigable water. But don’t risk it. Be conservative. Yeah. Always be conservative.

It’s like people who are patients in a hospital. They’re in the hospital bed and they’ve got to go to the bathroom, and maybe somebody doesn’t help them — they ring the bell, nobody comes, and they fall. Is that medical malpractice, or is that just a typical slip and fall case? There’s a fine line there. So you’ve got to be conservative. Try to protect all angles. Even if you’re in a lake, if you’re on some sort of commercial boat — assume it’s a maritime case, you’ve got a one-year standard.

[13:24] Chuck Farah: You don’t even have to be in a bathtub.

[13:25] Eddie Farah: And if it’s not navigable, it’s two years. But why take that chance?

[13:30] Justin: I know we have a lot of fishing charters here. That would be —

[13:35] Eddie Farah: Those are navigable waters. So the Intracoastal, navigable waters, the ocean, all that stuff. Rivers. But if you’re at Gold Head State Park in that lake, I think that may not be a maritime case — I’m not sure. You know, I’m happy to research it. Maybe because maybe it connects to other lakes.

[13:53] Eddie Farah (continued): I’m saying take the conservative approach — consider it a one-year deal, and you’ve got six months to put them on written notice.

But the other things you’ve got to be concerned about when you’re on the cruise ships is that you virtually have no constitutional rights. They can search your room anytime they want, without your permission. They don’t have to have a search warrant. They don’t have to have anything signed by a judge. They have a right to come into your room anytime they want to search your room. They can search your luggage. They can open your luggage because, you know, they don’t want you to bring your own booze on the ship.

[14:45] Eddie Farah (continued): And a lot of people think, well, I’ve got the medical marijuana card. I want to take some with me on the boat. But this is federal law. You don’t — they can — you could be arrested if they find marijuana in your suitcase. Even if you have a medical card. Because of federal law. I’m just letting you know what’s going on out there.

[15:05] Justin: What’s the purpose of that — so that they can handle situations as they arise?

[15:10] Chuck Farah: Yeah. You’re in the middle of the ocean so it’s like — who you going to call?

[15:14] Chuck Farah: Typically, your borders end a few miles off. And once you’re past that, you’re in no man’s land, so they created these laws.

[15:30] Justin: Some kind of order, in a way.

[15:33] Eddie Farah: And they can also, for disruptive behavior, force you — you can get evicted, leave you at port, any port. Let’s say they’re somewhere in Africa, Mozambique, and you’re disruptive.

[15:46] Justin: You’re gone.

[15:46] Eddie Farah: You’re gone. They can just leave you there. You have no right. Good luck getting back. So those are the things. That’s kind of a nutshell of maritime law. I just kind of review it because we’re getting so many of these cases.

[15:59] Chuck Farah: Yeah. And Jacksonville’s expanding the cruise line here. So that’s good.

[16:04] Justin: Well, I feel like cruises are getting more and more popular. My wife’s already talking about wanting to go on one with our kid. And like you said, there’s more and more out of Jacksonville, so it’s so much more convenient now instead of having to drive south.

[16:18] Chuck Farah: Yeah. I think another cruise line has now started in Jacksonville. So you’ve got a couple of these cruise lines, and things happen. You know?

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Segment 3: Amendment 7 — Your Right to Hospital Adverse Incident Records

[16:29] Eddie Farah: Another quick thing I’ll bring up, we’ve always talked about before, is Amendment 7 to the Florida Constitution, which allows you to find out about bad occurrences or bad outcomes at hospitals. They have to keep a log.

For instance, let’s say you’re going in for a knee replacement. You have a right to write to that hospital and request — and they have to send it to you — all the negative outcomes that have happened at that hospital for knee replacements. So you can get that information from every hospital in the area and compare.

[17:09] Justin: Do you think it would be alarming to see how many might be on that list?

[17:13] Eddie Farah: Well, they’re not called negative outcomes. Literally, they’re called adverse medical incidences. Listen, nobody’s perfect. Bad things are going to happen. No matter how carefully you are, things go wrong. But at least you get to compare.

Maybe one hospital has 10 times the infection rate that another hospital has. You may not want to have your knee replacement at that hospital. At least you can go to your doctor and say, doc, I received this information from this hospital — they’ve had all these adverse medical situations. I checked this other hospital, and they don’t have that many. Can you do the surgery at that other hospital?

[18:22] Chuck Farah: That’s important.

[18:26] Eddie Farah: Use it. It’s a constitutional right. It’s been vetted in the courts. The insurance companies have tried to dilute it, tried to get rid of it, but it was voted on by the people of Florida. It’s part of our Florida constitution. It’s Article 10, Section 25A of the Florida Constitution.

[18:27] Justin: Is it something you can request after the fact? Like if I get an infection after surgery?

[18:31] Eddie Farah: People use it in malpractice cases all the time because what they want to show is, hey — you all are on notice. You all are having the same problem over and over again and nobody did anything about it. Getting an infection in a hospital is not malpractice in itself because you can’t be 100% pure. There’s a germ somewhere no matter what you do. But it’s the way they treat the infection — did they find it in time, did they treat it properly?

[19:04] Chuck Farah: Do they break it down by procedure?

[19:07] Eddie Farah: Yeah, you’ve got to break it down by the procedure you’re going to have. If you’re going in for a knee replacement, you break it down for knee replacement. You might have bad results on knee replacement, but maybe they’re strong somewhere else.

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Segment 4: Employer Vehicle Liability — When a Written Agreement Isn’t Enough

[20:14] Eddie Farah: You know, typically, somebody who’s in a substance abuse facility — they’re in there, getting treatment. They were released from the substance abuse facility, and 48 days after they were released, this person committed suicide. So remember, 48 days — that’s almost a month and a half after he’s released, he commits suicide. The family comes back and sues the facility for his wrongful death, saying that the facility should have done something or done more.

Typically, under the law, if you’re outside custody and control, there’s generally no liability. If I don’t have any custody or control over you, how can I be responsible? But there are some interesting Florida laws that go to psychiatric facilities. You can’t just release somebody from a facility. You’ve got to have a plan for that person when they’re released, and in this case, even though he committed suicide 48 days after he was discharged, the facility couldn’t really control what was going on with him for that 48 days because they really didn’t have a game plan for him when he left, which they were supposed to do. Get him into some outpatient facilities, explain to him what he needed to do to stay well, check-ins. They didn’t do that. They were able to be sued for that.

[22:21] Chuck Farah: That’s —

[22:22] Eddie Farah: It’s the manner of discharge that triggered the liability. They probably just opened the door and said, hey, you’re free to go, instead of having a plan for them, which they’re supposed to do. There are rules on the books — particular Florida statutes that deal with people who are involuntarily committed. You just can’t put them on the street after their involuntary commitment. There’s got to be a certain procedure involved.

[22:47] Justin: A halfway house or something.

[22:48] Eddie Farah: Halfway house or something. And you know what, really, the theme for this is — anytime you’re in doubt or you have a question about a legal situation you’re in, you should contact an attorney. Because the typical person is not going to know about these statutes on the books that require some sort of action plan for a person being discharged. I mean, 48 days — you almost forgot where they were. And then, God forbid, this bad thing happens. You really want to talk to a lawyer.

That’s what I say. Anytime — look at the maritime cases we talked about, the six-month written notice. What a weird law that is. There’s no — I mean, you’ve got to put them on notice within six months or you’re gone. It’s not even a year. It’s like six months, really.

[23:36] Chuck Farah: And just as a side note, the judge in that case Eddie just referenced — he heard the evidence and what had been presented to him. And during this summary judgment hearing he was able to decide whether the case should proceed to a jury or not. So, going back to my comment about frivolous lawsuits — here’s another situation where a judge looks at everything to ensure this case has merit and has the potential to have a case that should go in front of a jury. I’m giving this an overall theme today — the system actually vets cases out and makes sure the ones that should go forward do.

[24:34] Justin: And even to that one — to your point about contacting an attorney — I would be like, well, it’s been a month and a half. Like, I wouldn’t even think to —

[24:37] Eddie Farah: What would cause you to hire or contact a lawyer? Right. Unless you knew that statute. There are thousands of rules. Nobody knows about these things. Who would really know about that? But a lawyer that practices that area would know — hey, they just can’t let you out.

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Segment 5: Employer and Vehicle Liability — Loaning Your Car or Truck

[25:21] Eddie Farah: Yeah, we’ve talked about this before. This is another interesting case. When you loan your car out to someone, you have a nondelegable duty — because you control the car. If you give it to someone, you’re responsible for what happens to that car. And if they hit somebody, you’re responsible because you had the car. We know that.

There was a case that happened here in Jacksonville that went up to the appellate process. A husband and wife went through a divorce. They never changed the title. The wife got the car, but it was still titled in the husband’s name, and the wife caused an accident, and the husband was sued. But the husband successfully argued that look, even though the car was in my name, the beneficial ownership was in the wife. She had control of it. She had the keys. She got it in the divorce. We just never transferred the title. He won that case, and he was not held liable.

But this is a different situation. In this particular case — and I’ll start with a case from a few years ago — it was a grandmother who had a car, and she told her grandson, do not drive the car. Only drive the car if I’m in it with you. Well, what does a grandson do? He takes the car and drives it. Causes an accident. And she won that case. The agreement between her and him was that he would not drive the car unless she was in it. He said during the trial, yep, I wasn’t supposed to drive it. I took it and I drove it. And so the grandmother was not held responsible because that was almost like a theft. This kid stole the car from his grandmother. That was the argument. And it wasn’t a real criminal theft, but it was like a theft-type situation that negated the grandmother’s responsibility.

[27:53] Eddie Farah (continued): Well, this case — little different. Here’s a case where a guy has a truck. He uses it for work. On the way home from work, he stops to get fuel for the truck. He buys three or four beers, chugs them down, causes an accident, gets charged with DUI, and the employer gets sued. The employer produces an agreement — a written agreement — where the employee is not supposed to drive the vehicle if he’s drinking or under the influence. There’s a written agreement. It’s an employment agreement. He signed it. You would think that would get the employer off the hook. It’s almost like the grandmother’s case.

Lo and behold, the driver of the truck says, yeah, I had that written agreement, but I had a verbal agreement that I could use the truck to go back and forth to work and whatever else it was needed for.

[28:44] Chuck Farah: So was that a summary judgment hearing? Yeah. And so, listen — there’s a dispute as to the facts. The judge is going to say, well, if there’s a dispute as to the facts, the jury might believe that language gave him the authority to drive it.

[29:16] Eddie Farah: The employer was sued, and the judge allowed the lawsuit to go. But the point is — if you’re an employer and you’ve got vehicles on the road, even if you have it in writing that the employee is not supposed to drink and drive, if the employee says there was a verbal agreement that they could use the vehicle for other purposes, the court may allow that lawsuit to go against the employer.

[30:29] Chuck Farah: If you’re allowing him to drive it off work hours, and you know that, you’re approving it — even though the writing says otherwise.

[30:41] Eddie Farah: The grandmother got off the hook, but not the employer.

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Segment 6: Florida’s Rebuttable Presumption in Rear-End Collisions

[35:59] Eddie Farah: Let’s talk about rear-end collisions real quick. If you rear-ended somebody, you were presumed to be negligent. People think, oh, he rear-ended me — that was automatic. If you rear-ended somebody and went to court, it’s basically, let the jury just go straight to the money. We don’t have to figure out who’s at fault. You rear-ended the person. It’s automatic you’re at fault. Simple trial.

But what happened — the Florida Supreme Court looked at that and said, wait a minute, that’s not really fair. We’re going to modify that presumption. They came up with this rebuttable presumption. It’s a presumption if you rear-end somebody that you’re at fault, but it’s a rebuttable presumption — which means you have a way to attack it in court. And there are four factors you can bring up if you rear-end somebody to protect yourself from liability.

One — if the driver in front of you made an abrupt stop. Like, out of the blue stop. You’re going down 95, no traffic backup, everybody’s going the speed limit, the guy just stops in front of you. That’s an abrupt stop. You can argue that for liability.

Two — unexpected change of lanes. A guy to the left of you cuts in front of you, makes a lane change. You couldn’t have stopped. That’s a way to rebut the presumption that you were at fault.

Three — there was a mechanical failure in the vehicle. I took the car to Brakes For Less or whatever, they were supposed to fix the brakes, they forgot to put it back together, and the brakes didn’t work. And I rear-ended you. That’s a defense.

And the last one is — if the car that you rear-ended stopped or parked illegally. Sometimes these cars are just parked in the middle of the road, or they’re halfway in the shoulder, halfway in the lane. So there are ways for you to defeat that argument that because you rear-ended somebody, you’re at fault.

[38:25] Justin: I bet you get that fourth one a lot in neighborhoods. You know, they’re parking on the side of the street where it’s not allowed.

[38:33] Eddie Farah: You got it.

[38:39] Eddie Farah: We did a lot of talking today.

[38:40] Justin: Yeah. A lot of good nuggets. That was Legal Live on 1045 WOKV, Jacksonville’s news and talk. If you want to catch this episode or miss it, head to wokv.com. You can listen then, or catch us next week. Legal Live sponsored by Farah and Farah. We’ll see you next time.

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Referenced Resources

• Farah & Farah — farahandfarah.com | (855) 765-1045
• WOKV Legal Live — wokv.com
• Article 10, Section 25A — Florida Constitution (Amendment 7 / Adverse Medical Incidents)
• Carnival Cruise Line Passenger Ticket Contract — carnival.com
• 46 U.S.C. § 30104 (Jones Act) — uscode.house.gov
• Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act (CVSSA, Pub. L. 111-207) — congress.gov

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